Different Types Of Cars


1) Sports Cars-

Sports cars are the perfect example of best automobile engineering, sports cars are usually two-seater small cars that are designed for quick response to move fast for spirited performance and nimble handling. They are brutal acceleration (0-100kmph in 2.3 sec Bugatti Chiron) and can achieve very high speed (436kmph hennessey venom GT). Some example of sports cars are Nissan GTR, Lamborghini Veneno, and Maserati Alfieri, Koenigsegg Agera etc.

2) Muscle Cars-
A type of car designed for power and high performance, these cars have powerful engine, mostly V-8 and above with 2-door. Apart from this their performance, their look is muscular and aggressive. They are good for street driving and occasional drag race. Some common example are Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, Dodge charger etc.


3) Sedan or Saloon type Cars-
Sedan is a passenger car that has two rows of seats, adequate passenger space in the rear compartment for adult passengers and large trunk cargo compartment in rear. In sedan, a four or more people can travel and has a fixed roof that is full height up to the rear window with two pillar to join roof and window. The word sedan is taken from Italian sedia “chair” in that closed chair one person can sit. Some common examples are Porsche Panamera, Audi A8, Hyundai Verna, etc.

4) SUVs type Cars-
A sport utility vehicle (SUV) is an estate car mostly available in four wheel drive to drive on-road and off road, having large passenger carrying space. If you wish to further categorize the SUV car they are sub divided in many type as per their size like Compact SUV, Mid-sized SUV, Full sized SUV etc. Some popular SUV’s are BMW X4, Porsche Macan, Maserati Levante, Mahindra Scorpio, Toyota Fortuner etc.

5) Multi-utility vehicles MUVs-
Usually based on either a mid-sized car or minivan platform. Usually two-wheel drive "people movers". They have higher ceilings, more storage than a sedan, some of the utility of a SUV with a similar ride, though from a construction standpoint not as robust. They are designed for passenger comfortable, safety and fuel economy. Examples are Toyota sienna, Toyota innova, Honda Mobilio, Maruti ertiga etc.

6) Hatchback-
Passenger cabin with integrated cargo space. Its rear cargo space is accessed by way of a gate or hatch that is hinged at the top of the vehicle, above the rear window It has no more than three pillars A, B and C. Examples Volkswagen polo, Hyundai i20, i10, Maruti Suzuki alto, Nissan Datsun, Honda brio etc.

Multiple Injections In Modern Diesel Engine

Modern diesel engine feels very smooth, responsive and less noisy. They have very less emission and more efficiency. The fact behind all these improvements in diesel engine is diesel multiple injection.

Multiple injection employs more than one injection in a single engine cycle (upto 5 injection in a single cycle). The 5 injection which occur in single engine cycle are:-

  1. Pilot injection
  2. Pre-injection
  3. Main injection
  4. After injection
  5. Post injection


Pilot injection and Pre-injection- The small amount of fuel injected one or more times before the bulk fuel injection (main injection) is known as pre-injections. Injection far before the main injection is called pilot injection and the injection that occur just before the main injection is called as pre-injection.

ADVANTAGES of pre-injections
  • It allows for good fuel-air mixture
  • It shortens the delay in the main injection
  • It drastically reducing NOx emission
  • It reduces engine vibrations and other noise


After injection and Post injection- The small amount of fuel injected one or more times after the bulk fuel injection (main injection) is known as post-injections. Injection just after main injection is called as after injection and the injection that occurs far after the main injection is called as post injection

ADVANTAGES of post injection
  • It allows for control of exhaust gas temperature
  • It increasing after-treatment exhaust efficiency (catalytic converter efficiency)

Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG) OR Variable Nozzle Turbine (VNT)


The simple turbocharger though increasing the power output of IC engine, also has some disadvantages at low and high RPM of engine. Turbo-lag (producing no turbo boost at low engine RPM) and Engine choke ( Due to high RPM of compressor, highly compressed air enters cylinders which is difficult to be compressed more in compression stroke). The waste gate technology was used to avoid the engine choke at high RPM by bypassing the exhaust gases directly to catalytic converter thus removing one disadvantage. The VTG is a technology that removes both the disadvantages of a turbocharger to some extent. The VTG has a movable guide vanes, which can change the angle and speed of exhaust gases striking on the turbine.

LOW RPM
At low RPM of engine the exhaust pressure is very low to rotate the turbine or compress the inlet air in order to produce turbo boost. The guide vanes adjust in a closed position to provide nozzle like shape (increasing velocity of exhaust gases) and exhaust gases hit tangentially on blades of turbine, thus rotating the compressor with high speed at even low rpm.
HIGH RPM
The turbocharger highly compresses the air at high engine RPM. The maximum RPM of turbocharger can go up to 150,000 RPM. The highly compressed air is very difficult to be compressed by engine in compression stroke, thus can choke the engine. At high RPM the guide vanes are fully open, changing the direction of exhaust gas in radially inward direction. The exhaust loses only a little pressure on turbine thus turbine slows down.
The TATA SAFARI storme 2015 in india has VTG thus, turbo boost is obtained at 1700RPM rather than waiting for 2000RPM

List Of Famous Car Manufacturers And Their Locations

Few countries in the world are ruling over the automobile market of the world. The brains from these countries has produced the iconic brands which has put a great impression on the world. Almost everyone knows the names of these iconic brands but do they know their location?

ITALY

Lamborghini
Ferrari
Pagani
Maserati
Alfa Romeo
Fiat
GERMANY
Porsche
Mercedes Benz
Audi
Volkswagen
Bavarian Motor Works BMW
Gumpert
Opel
Swatch Mercedes ART (SMART)
UNITED STATES
Ford
Tesla
Dodge
Chevrolet
Hennessey
General Motors Company GMC
Jeep
Chrysler
Cadillac
JAPAN
Toyota
Nissan
Infiniti
Honda
Lexus
Suzuki
Datsun
Subaru
Isuzu
Mitsubishi
Mazda
Daihatsu
UNITED KINGDOM
Rolls Royce
McLaren
Lotus
Aston martin
Bentley
Mini
Jaguar
Ariel
Land Rover
TVR
MG Motors
SWEDEN
Volvo
Koenigsegg
Saab
INDIA
Mahindra
Tata
Force
Maruti Suzuki
Hindustan Motors
DC
Eicher
FRANCE
Renault
Bugatti
Peugeot
Citroen
SOUTH KOREA
Hyundai
SsangYong
Daewoo
Kia motors
LEBANON
W motors
RUSSIA
Lada
MALAYSIA
Proton

Variable Valve Timing In SI Engine

The goal is to increase the air entering the cylinder and thus burning more gasoline. The requirement of varying the different parameters is to allow more fuel to burn at high rpm, to give the good torque at high rpm and also to let more fuel to enter the cylinder during cold start.

Name of this technology by different automobile companies
VTVT (Hyundai)
VVT-i (Toyota)
i-VTEC (Honda)
VCT (Ford)
VVL (Nissan)
Vario Cam (Porsche)
Valuelift (Audi)

Working of VTVT   
Click Here

How Brake Booster works?

The brake booster is the device that decreases the brake pedal effort by the assist of vacuum, renaming the common brake as Power brake. The power brake works on the principle of pressure difference in brake booster.



The brake booster has two chambers vacuum chamber and pressure chamber. Initially when brake pedal is free the power booster is completely vacuum on both sides of diaphragm (both chambers) and there is no entry of atmospheric air into any chamber of brake booster. The vacuum is created by connection of brake booster with the intake manifold of the engine, the suction of air by the engine pistons. When the brake pedal is pressed the vacuum chamber is sealed up and the atmospheric air is pressurized into the pressure chamber. The vacuum chamber having very low pressure and pressure chamber with high pressure assists the brake pedal motion from high pressure to low pressure. The diaphragm bends and further pressurizes the master cylinder thus brakes are applied.

NOTE:-
AS THE VACUUM IS CREATED BY ENGINE, THE BRAKE BOOSTER DOES NOT WORK WHEN ENGINE IS TURNED OFF. BRAKE PEDAL CAN BE PUSHED SMOOTHLY ONCE AND THE SECOND TIME ITS MUCH HARDER TO PUSH AS NO MORE VACUUM EXISTS. 

Automated Manual Transmission ~ AMT


It’s not automatic transmission that uses the hydraulic torque converter and gears on a single shaft but it’s the manual transmission that using various hydraulic actuators to engage and disengage the clutch and shift the gears. The sensors are mounted into the transmission box that sends the feedback and input to the Transmission Control Unit (TCU). The TCU has replaces the hands and the brains of the driver. First time AMT was seen on road in Ferrari 355 F1 in 1997.AMT is available in Maruti Celerio, Alto k10, Tata Zest, Tata Nano Genx in india

It has three modes for driver Neutral Mode, Reverse Mode and Drive Mode

Advantages 

  • Same fuel efficiency as that of manual transmission
  • Not much costlier than manual transmission and very much cheaper than automatic transmission

Disadvantages                                      


  • The gear shifting isn't smooth and jerk free.

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